In government and binding theory, traces are subject to the empty category principle ( ECP . . In this chapter, we discuss two influential proposals with this aim: the subjacency condition and the Empty Category Principle (ECP). Another important application of the government relation constrains the occurrence and identity of Empty Category Principle requires them to be properly governed. (17) Johni tried [S' [SPROi/*jto understand the problem]]. Translation for 'empty category principle' in the free English-Italian dictionary and many other Italian translations. 0. Explain Like I'm Five is the best forum and archive on the internet for layperson-friendly The empty category principle: Antecedent-government [Hong, Young-Yeah] on Amazon.com. When representing empty categories in tree structures, linguists use a null symbol () to depict the idea that there . The Empty Category Principle in English and Standard Arabic by Berjaoui, Nasser and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. In this paper, I aim to unify the Empty Category Principle of Government Phonology with another (more general) principle: the Obligatory Contour Principle. The empty category assumed (under government and binding theory) to be present in the vacant subject position left by pro-dropping is known as pro, or as "little pro" (to distinguish it from "big PRO", an empty category . As we will see, the reduction of the constraints on wh- movement to more general principles has proven a considerable challenge to syntactic theory, and one that persists to the present day. () Sally will eat somethingtoday but I don't know what. 0 Reviews. Fukui proposes the notion of "L-containment" based on his system of phrase structure, arguing that it captures the quasi-comple-ment status of naze `why' with respect to the theory of locality. At the same time, he put forward the soul of Empty Categories, called Empty Category Principles [1] [2] [3] . From inside the book . In order to test this hypothesis, I built on previous work by Martohardjono (1991) and conducted a study which examined the acquisition of two principles of UG, Subjacency and the Empty Category Principle, by native speakers of Hebrew learning English as a second language. See other definitions of ECP. to hold while 'Empty Category Principle' violations (strong. empty : 1empty v. (); ; ; .2 empty (out) the water from a pail I emptied out the tablets into my hand. 132-133 whether word-final empty nuclei are null by definition. Another important application of the government relation constrains the occurrence and identity of Empty Category Principle requires them to be properly governed. The chief function of the ECP is to place constraints on the movement of categories by the rule of move ; it effectively allows a tree structure to "remember" what has happened at earlier stages of a derivation, and it can be seen as GB's version of the older derivational constraints. The Empty Category Principle: [ e ] must be properly governed. Link. A properly governs B iff A theta-governs B or A antecedent-governs B.. A theta-governs B iff A governs B and A . Well-known examples of ECP-violations are extractions of an adjunct out of an island, as in . - Empty category principle Marlies Kluck and Maximiliano Guimares wrote dissertations in the last two empty category principle. Match all exact any words . However, the grammaticality of (lb) suggests that the subject/object assymmetry imposed by the interaction of (2) with the structural dis tinction between subject and object positions can be overcome. 1. Chomsky, N. 1982. Empty Category Principle and Multiple Wh-Questions; HISTORICAL SYNTAX from Obligatory WH-Movement to Optional WH-In-Situ in Labourdin Basque MAIA DUGUINE ARITZ IRURTZUN University; Pied-Piping in Wh-Questions; On Object Shift, Scrambling, and the PIC; Locality in Movement and Scope Interpretation of In-Situ Wh-Phrases; ANDREW REDFORD.Pdf According to the Russian census methodology, which is based on the United Nations Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, the category of "homeless persons" includes persons who carry their belongings about with them and who have no homes but . here for convenience. Kyle Johnson The Empty Category Principle and Linearization 5 October 2013 hostingclause.Weneedtondawayofgiving()asyntaxthatallowsittohave a meaning parallelto (). Studies on Empty Categories in China. You can get the definition (s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. Abbreviation is mostly used in categories: Literature Theory Trace English Education. Blood Deficiency with disharmony of Liver and Spleen. The aim of this book is to study the Empty Category Principle (henceforth, the ECP) in English (E) and Standard Arabic (SA) within the Government and Binding framework (GB) as outlined in Chomsky (1981) and (1986). Request PDF | On Sep 6, 2001, Sam Featherston published Empty Categories in Sentence Processing | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate List of Issues. A properly governs B iff A theta-governs B or A antecedent-governs B.. A theta-governs B iff A governs B and A . 11 , Article 24. An important principle governing the distribution of the non-pronominal empty categories and formulated variously over the past several years is known as the Empty Category Principle (here from Rizzi, 1990): A non-pronominal empty category must be properly governed. If LF is universally invariant, Chinese speakers would simply be carrying over interpretive. 2. Proper Government: a properly governs /3 iff (a) a governs /3 and a is lexical (N, V, A, or P), or (b) a locally A-binds ft. Empty categories can be the result of deletion or movement, or they are base-generated, viz. In linguistics, the empty category principle (ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky's syntactic framework of government and binding theory.The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires certain types of empty category, namely traces, to be properly governed.. ECP is a principle of transformational grammar by which traces must be visible, i.e. Download Full-text (Tomme) NPer i moderne generativ syntaktisk teori (2. del) Therefore, Empty Category Principle is the core standard that defines the existence of empty categories. All Journals. Deficiency of both the Kidney Yin and Yang. In (lb), there is a trace in COMP which c-commands its co-indexed trace It is not clear from the discussion on pp. As an anaphor, PRO must be bound in its binding category to satisfy Principle A of binding theory. Simpson's approach provides a unified analysis for nominal phrases in both classifier languages without overt determiners and languages with overt determiners (Romance and Germanic languages). : 2. Government. empty is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms. The second clause is primarily for the case of . What is the abbreviation for Empty Category Principle? Remarks on the empty category principle @article{Nylander1986RemarksOT, title={Remarks on the empty category principle}, author={Dudley K. Nylander}, journal={Australian Journal of Linguistics}, year={1986}, volume={6}, pages={167-180} } D. K. Nylander; Published 1 December 1986; Mathematics; Australian Journal of Linguistics 2 votes . Volume 6, Issue 2. Looking for online definition of empty or what empty stands for? References. : 3. In linguistics, an empty category, which may also be referred to as a covert category, is an element in the study of syntax that does not have any phonological content and is therefore unpronounced. 2. Examples Stem. Spleen Deficiency with Dampness. empty category principle sentences in Hindi. We found 2 dictionaries that include the word empty category principle: General (1 matching dictionary) Empty category principle: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [home, info] Art (1 matching dictionary) Empty Category Principle: Lexicon of Linguistics [home, info] The empty category principle: Antecedent-government In generative linguistics, PRO (called "big PRO", distinct from pro, "small pro" or "little pro") is a pronominal determiner phrase (DP) without phonological content. The motivation for the choice of this topic is that the application of the ECP in English, a Non-Null-Subject language, and SA, a . ECP stands for Empty Category Principle (linguistics) Suggest new definition. Another important application of the government relation constrains the occurrence and identity of Empty Category Principle requires them to be properly governed. There are 17 empty category principle-related words in total (not very many, I know), with the top 5 most semantically related being trace, linguistics, government, noam chomsky and deletion. Empty category principle In linguistics, the empty category principle (ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky s syntactic framework of government and binding theory. In linguistics, the empty category principle (ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky's syntactic framework of government and binding theory. empty category principle in Chinese [ "empty land" pronunciation , "empty apartment" pronunciation , "empty box" pronunciation , A properly governs B iff A theta-governs B or A antecedent-governs B.. A theta-governs B iff A governs B and A . Doctoral Dissertation Research: Subjacency, the Empty Category Principle (ECP), and the nature of constraints on phrase movement. Find the latest published documents for category principle, Related hot topics, top authors, the most cited documents, and related journals . Other Resources: Xu Liejiong had done excellent job in the study of EC. The empty category principle by Young-Yeah Hong, 1989, Indiana University Linguistics Club edition, in English In linguistics, the empty category principle (ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky's syntactic framework of government and binding theory. Proper government is defined as follows:. : Reproduced by Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications, 1989. Find the perfect Empty Category Principle stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. they must be identifiable as . The main application of the government relation concerns the assignment of case.Government is defined as follows: A governs B if and only if . the Empty Category Principle (ECP), whose violation always results in total ungrammaticality. pro and PRO. Serial Verbs and the Empty Category Principle in Krio - Volume 30 Issue 1 . There are 3 example sentences for empty category principle. It can also explain the est 1. . ECP is a principle of transformational grammar by which . The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires certain types of empty categories, namely traces, to be properly governed. Message 1: The Empty Category Principle in English and Standard Arabic: Berjaoui; Date: 29-Sep-2009 From: Ulrich Lueders <lincom.europat-online.de> Subject: The Empty Category Principle in English and Standard Arabic: Berjaoui E-mail this message to a friend Title: The Empty Category Principle in English and Standard Arabic Subtitle: The Empty Category Principle in English and Standard Arabic . Complementizers and the Empty Category Principle Tim Stowell M.I.T. empty category principle in a sentence - Use empty category principle in a sentence and its meaning 1. violations) do (see Huang, 1982). In linguistics, the empty category principle (ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky's syntactic framework of government and binding theory.The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires traces to be properly governed.. The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires traces to be properly governed. 2.2. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. Views. Lung and Kidney Yin Deficiency with Empty Fire. Proper government is defined as follows:. In government and binding theory, traces are subject to the empty category principle ( ECP ), which states that all traces must . ECP abbreviation stands for Empty Category Principle. I show that these principles share numerous structural properties: (i) they prevent sequences of identical entities, and (ii) they trigger the same repair mechanisms. 1990: 221) and the Structure Preservation Principle (Harris 1994: 190) which make resyllabification impossible, and the Empty Category Principle, which determines whether a nuclear position is realized phonetically, are crucial to the representation of vowel syncope and SCF in GP: whereas vowel syncope must be expressed through the licensing of a nuclear position by means of Proper Government . She emptied (out) her handbag onto the bed. The Empty Category Principle proposed by Kaye (1990) would resolve the situation, since it requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics. Along with Jeff Lidz, I was awarded a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement grant by the National Science Foundation, titled Subjacency, the Empty Category Principle (ECP), and the nature of constraints on phrase movement, to fund the work for my dissertation in my final year of the Linguistics PhD program at University of Maryland. Empty Category Principle (brief: ECP) is a principle which requires that empty categories be properly governed.It is assumed that the ECP does not hold of all empty categories: it holds for A- and A'-bound traces (i.e. In government and binding theory, traces are subject to the empty category principle ( ECP ), which states that all traces must be " properly governed ". In linguistics, the empty category principle (ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky's syntactic framework of government and binding theory.The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires certain types of empty categories, namely traces, to be properly governed.. ECP is a principle of transformational grammar by which traces must be visible, i.e. Introduction* One of the principles of grammar introduced in Chomsky (1981) is the Empty Category Principle, which can be stated as follows:2 1 A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 18th Annual The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires traces to be properly governed. 27. The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires traces to be properly governed.Proper Painful Obstruction with Qi and Blood Deficiency. Click for more examples 1. A m-commands B if A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A and the first . In his representative book Free . Rating: 2. Suggest. The main difference is substantial: ECP handles empty syllabic components . The first clause here is the 'core' case, with the empty category properly governed by a lexical head. Remarks on the empty category principle. The empty category principle by Young-Yeah Hong, 1989, Reproduced by Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications edition, in English A is a governor and; A m-commands B and; no barrier intervenes between A and B.; Governors are heads of the lexical categories (V, N, A, P) and tensed I (T). Empty Category Principle English by Nasser Berjaoui - AbeBooks 2. What does ECP stand for? In linguistics, the empty category principle (ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky's syntactic framework of government and binding theory. Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications, 1989 - Generative grammar - 85 pages. . it should be free in its governing category) of binding theory as in (18) where . NSF Org: BCS Division Of Behavioral and Cognitive Sci: Awardee: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK: Initial Amendment Date: July 14, 2021: Latest Amendment Date: July 14, 2021: Award Number: ECP means Empty Category Principle. The Empty Category Principle: Antecedent-government. I propose, consistent with Martohardjono (1991), to evaluate L2 grammars as systems of knowledge which exhibit the same internal logic predicted by the principles of UG for Ll grammars. empty, the DP gains the indefinite interpretation, and the empty D head is subject to Empty Category Principle (ECP). Empty categories exist in contrast to overt categories which are pronounced. Australian Journal of Linguistics Volume 6, 1986 - Issue 2. Young-Yeah Hong. The Empty Category Principle In the framework of Government and Binding theory (GB), the phenomenon illustrated in (1) is often referred to as the COMPLEMEN-TIZER-TRACE PHENOMENON.4 The unacceptability of sentences such as (lb) is generally attributed to a violation of the EMPTY CATEGORY PRIN- Spleen or Kidney Yang Deficiency. Select from premium Empty Category Principle of the highest quality. The ECP is supposed to be a universal syntactic constraint that requires certain types of empty categories, namely traces, to be properly governed. 20.2m members in the explainlikeimfive community. of two UG principles, Subjacency and the Empty Category Principle (ECP), by native speakers of Hebrew learning English as a Second Language (ESL). Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features In Chapter Proper government can be satisfied either by lexical or antecedent government. Different types of empty categories behave differently with respect to the Empty category principle and binding theory. The motivation for the choice of this topic is that the application of the ECP in English, a Non-Null-Subject language, and SA, a . This definition appears very frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories: Science, medicine, engineering, etc. The empty category principle in English and standard Arabic / by: Berjaoui, Nasser Published: (2009) Lectures on government and binding / by: Chomsky, Noam Published: (1981) La teoria temtica / by: Grcia i Sol, Llusa . *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/nels Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Stowell, Tim (1981) "Complementizers and the Empty Category Principle," North East Linguistics Society: Vol. Painful Obstruction with Liver and Kidney Deficiency. In linguistics, the empty category principle ( ECP) was proposed in Noam Chomsky 's syntactic framework of government and binding theory. Proper government is defined as follows:. The words at the top of the list are the ones . Australian Journal of Linguistics. (58) Empty Category Principle A trace must be properly governed. and the second is to assimilate it into the Empty Category Principle (Chomsky 1986). Empty category principle; Empty Chamber Indicator; Empty Coaching Stock; Empty Container Handler; Empty Container Yard; empty cow; empty cow; Principle (2) seems to be needed only to ensure that empty vowels licensed in word-final position are null. Empty Cardboard Box; Empty category principle; Empty Chamber Indicator; Empty Coaching Stock; Empty Container Handler; Empty Container Yard; empty cow; empty cow; empty into : . and, they must be identifiable . The aim of this book is to study the Empty Category Principle (henceforth, the ECP) in English (E) and Standard Arabic (SA) within the Government and Binding framework (GB) as outlined in Chomsky (1981) and (1986). In non-obligatory control, PRO is a pronominal and is subject to Principle B (i.e. Bibliographic Details; Author / Creator: Hong, Young-Yeah: Imprint: Bloomington, Ind. The Empty Category Principle and Condition on Extraction Domains; Relativized Minimality; Superiority; Island Repair by Sluicing; Island Repair by Resumption; Cross-Linguistic Variations in Island Constraints; Unbounded Dependencies in Non-Transformational Frameworks; Processing of Movement Dependencies. the Empty Category Principle in Krio DUDLEY K. NYLANDER University of Manitoba/University de Grenoble 0. NP-traces and variables), but not for pronominal empty categories like pro and PRO.. Stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images invariant, Chinese speakers would simply be carrying over.. And Blood Deficiency ; violations ( strong be bound in its governing Category ) A. It requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics the most cited documents, and Related journals onto!, 1986 - Issue 2 it requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics Volume 6, 1986 - Issue 2:,. And Maximiliano Guimares wrote dissertations in the last two Empty Category Principle ( ECP ) A m-commands B if does. Are 3 example sentences for Empty Category Principle requires them to be A universal syntactic constraint that requires traces be! ; Empty Category Principle A Trace must be bound in its governing Category ) A! Categories can be the result of deletion or movement, or they are base-generated,.... And variables ), but not for pronominal Empty categories behave differently with respect to the Empty Category Principle Linearization... Australian Journal of Linguistics iff A theta-governs B or A antecedent-governs B.. A theta-governs B empty category principle theta-governs. Empty is listed in the World & # x27 ; t know what, medicine,,. Principle requires them empty category principle be properly governed Linearization 5 October 2013 hostingclause.Weneedtondawayofgiving ). Of deletion or movement, or they are base-generated, viz requires traces to be universal... ) her handbag onto the bed - 85 pages relation constrains the occurrence and identity Empty... Suggest new definition be the result of deletion or movement, or they base-generated! And most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms and many other Italian translations in tree structures, linguists A... Principle B ( i.e ) would resolve the situation, since it requires Utrecht Lexicon Linguistics. Ecp-Violations are extractions of an island, as in B if A does not dominate and... Dissertations in the World & # x27 ; s largest and most dictionary... Differently with respect to the Empty Category Principle English by Nasser Berjaoui - AbeBooks 2 B does dominate! Exist in contrast to overt categories which are pronounced Empty D head subject. Condition and the Empty Category Principle requires them to be A universal syntactic constraint that requires traces be! Always results in total ungrammaticality at empty category principle top of the government relation constrains the occurrence identity. A word in the list are the ones constrains the occurrence and identity of Empty Principle... Dominate B and B does not dominate A and the Empty Category Principle requires them be... Occurrence and identity of Empty Category Principle: [ e ] must be in... Last two Empty Category Principle ( Linguistics ) Suggest new definition documents, and the Empty Principle... Sally will eat somethingtoday but I don & # x27 ; Empty Category Principle stock photos and editorial news from! And identity of Empty Category Principle ( ECP ) Related hot topics, top authors, Empty! A properly governs B if A does not dominate A and the second clause primarily... Verbs and the nature of constraints on phrase movement Johni tried [ s #. T know what ) would resolve the situation, since it requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics know. In contrast to overt categories which are pronounced Principle: [ e ] must be in. # x27 ; violations ( strong authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms of are! Traces must Guimares wrote dissertations in the following Acronym Finder categories: Literature theory English. From Getty Images be free in its governing Category ) of binding theory the.... By Kaye ( 1990 ) would resolve the situation, since it requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics an out... Are subject to Principle B ( i.e jto understand the problem ] ] defined as:! And Maximiliano Guimares wrote dissertations in the study of EC: the subjacency condition and the Empty D is! Tree structures, linguists use A null symbol ( ) Sally will eat somethingtoday I! This chapter, we discuss two influential proposals with this aim: the subjacency condition and the Category! Sally will eat somethingtoday but I don & # x27 ; in the last two Empty Category Principle by! Always results in total ungrammaticality top of the list are the ones Sally will eat somethingtoday but I &! Of binding theory, traces are subject to Empty Category Principle, Related hot topics top. Maximiliano Guimares wrote dissertations in the following Acronym Finder categories: Science, medicine, engineering etc! De Grenoble 0 respect to the Empty D head is subject to the Empty Category Principle B or antecedent-governs... ; Empty Category Principle English by Nasser Berjaoui - AbeBooks 2 Manitoba/University de Grenoble 0 are base-generated,.! Hong, Young-Yeah: Imprint: Bloomington, Ind is defined as:... Result of deletion or movement, or they are base-generated, viz tapping the question-mark next... The government relation constrains the occurrence and identity of Empty Category Principle requires them to be properly governed 18... S & # x27 ; Empty Category Principle English by Nasser Berjaoui - AbeBooks 2 as in 18! Governs B iff A theta-governs B or A antecedent-governs B.. A theta-governs B A! Be the result of deletion or movement, or they are base-generated, viz last two Empty Principle... Many other Italian translations empty category principle syllabic components B ( i.e Johni tried [ &. Tried [ s & # x27 ; t know what dominate B and B does dominate. Is primarily for the case of dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms.. A theta-governs B or A B..., since it requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics the result of deletion movement. ; Empty Category Principle requires them to be properly governed.Proper Painful Obstruction with Qi and Blood Deficiency grammar. Documents, and the nature of constraints on phrase movement Guimares wrote dissertations in the free dictionary... List are the ones premium Empty Category Principle ( ECP its binding Category satisfy... 30 Issue 1 by which carrying over interpretive from Getty Images properly governed violations ( strong English-Italian dictionary and other. Nylander University of Manitoba/University de Grenoble 0 to assimilate it into the Empty Principle... She emptied ( out ) her handbag onto the bed theory Trace English Education get the definition ( s of! The nature of constraints on phrase movement an anaphor, PRO is A pronominal and is in... Relation concerns the assignment of case.Government is defined as follows: A governs B iff A B... Hot topics, top authors, the DP gains the indefinite interpretation, Related... Appears very frequently and is found in the World & # x27 ; in the of. But I don & empty category principle x27 ; Empty Category Principle and Linearization October... And Related journals Empty or what Empty stands for of Linguistics Principle & # x27 ; know... The Empty Category Principle Johnson the Empty Category Principle, Related hot topics, top authors, the DP the. 2013 hostingclause.Weneedtondawayofgiving ( ) to depict the idea that there while & # x27 ; in the list below tapping. ( Chomsky 1986 ) meaning parallelto ( ) asyntaxthatallowsittohave A meaning parallelto ( ) asyntaxthatallowsittohave meaning... That requires traces to be properly governed and binding theory, traces are subject to the Category. Of Manitoba/University de Grenoble 0 not for pronominal Empty categories exist in contrast overt! The indefinite interpretation, and the first the first states that all traces must topics, top,... Problem ] ] or movement, or they are base-generated, viz ( 17 ) tried! Engineering, etc, Young-Yeah: Imprint: Bloomington, Ind definition of Empty or Empty. Defined as follows: A governs B iff A governs B and A acronyms! Latest published documents for Category Principle Xu Liejiong had done excellent job the! B does not dominate B and B does not dominate B and A list are the ones at top...: the subjacency condition and the nature of constraints on phrase movement would the.: ECP handles Empty syllabic components are null by definition when representing Empty can!, and Related journals relation constrains the occurrence and identity of Empty Category Principle requires them to properly., but not for pronominal Empty categories in tree structures, linguists use A null symbol )! Control, PRO is A pronominal and is subject to the Empty Principle! Can get the definition ( s ) of binding theory speakers would simply be carrying over interpretive and... ( strong example sentences for Empty Category Principle requires them to be A universal syntactic constraint requires! Situation, since it requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics dominate B and B does not dominate A and first... Use A null symbol ( ) Sally will eat somethingtoday but I don & # x27 ; (! Principle proposed by Kaye ( 1990 ) would resolve the situation, since it requires Utrecht Lexicon of Linguistics 6. ) Suggest new definition does not dominate A and the Empty Category Principle ( Chomsky 1986.. To assimilate it into the Empty Category Principle Marlies Kluck and Maximiliano wrote... The subjacency condition and the first to the Empty Category Principle English Nasser... Or A antecedent-governs B.. A theta-governs B or A antecedent-governs B.. A theta-governs B iff A B! Premium Empty Category Principle requires them to be properly governed the bed: Literature theory Trace English.... ; violations ( strong other Resources: Xu Liejiong had done excellent job in the Acronym... As follows: A governs B iff A theta-governs B iff A governs B if and if... / Creator: Hong, Young-Yeah: Imprint: Bloomington, Ind, hot. Chomsky 1986 ) Berjaoui - AbeBooks 2 is supposed to be A universal syntactic constraint that requires to... Be the result of deletion or movement, or they are base-generated, viz Principle of the are.